Essay Beowulf Epic or Elegy - 763 Words

Writing Lab III Beowulf: Epic or Elegy? Beowulf is a poem written in manuscript form created in England sometime between the years 700 and 1000AD. The author is unknown to this day. Is Beowulf an epic poem or an elegy? An epic is â€Å"a long narrative poem in elevated style presenting characters of high position in adventures forming an organic whole through their relation to a central heroic figure and through their development of episodes important to the history of a nation or race† (Harmon and Holman 188). An elegy is â€Å"a sustained and formal poem setting forth meditations on death or another solemn theme† (Harmon and Holman 178). Beowulf has been considered to be both an epic and an elegy; an epic by some, and elegy by others. A†¦show more content†¦The many adventures take place in Denmark and Geatland. Beowulf first fights Grendel in Denmark unarmed and defeats him. While still in Denmark, Beowulf goes underwater to Grendel’s mother’s lair to defeat her. In Geatland, Beowulf encounters the dragon for a fight to the finish. Although he was victorious, he paid the ultimate price, that price being his life. Moments after being bitten on the neck by the dragon, he succumbed to death. Epic poems consist of heroes who complete deeds of valor or extraordinary courage. â€Å"The captain of evil discovered himself in a handgrip harder than anything he had ever encountered in any man on the face of the earth. Every bone in his body quailed and recoiled, but he could not escape† (Beowulf 749-753). This quote shows that Beowulf’s strength is so great that even a monster cannot escape from it. As I have said before, Beowulf is not afraid to die. He faces death fearless a nd bold and prepares himself for battle. Beowulf got ready, donned his war-gear, indifferent to death; his mighty, hand-forged, fine-webbed mail would soon meet with the menace underwater†¦ (Beowulf 1442-1445). In this quote, Beowulf is getting ready to meet Grendel’s mother in her underwater lair. Beowulf is ready and does not fear death. He would rather fight until he dies instead of giving up a fight. No other human being would even think to try to defeat Grendel, or even think about trying to defeat Grendel’s mother. In an epicShow MoreRelatedThe Epic of Beowulf is an Heroic Elegy Essay3261 Words   |  14 PagesBeowulf is an Heroic Elegy   Ã‚  Ã‚   There is considerable debate as to whether the poem Beowulf is an epic narrative poem or an heroic elegy, a poem celebrating the fantastic achievements of its great hero, and also expressing sorrow or lamentation for the hero’s unfortunate death. This essay intends to show that the poem is an heroic elegy.    In â€Å"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics† Tolkien states:      We must dismiss, of course, from mind the notion that Beowulf is a â€Å"narrativeRead More Is Beowulf an Heroic Elegy or an Epic Narrative? Essay4711 Words   |  19 PagesIs Beowulf   an Heroic Elegy or an Epic Narrative?      Ã‚  Ã‚   There is considerable debate as to whether the poem Beowulf is an epic narrative poem or an heroic elegy. Which is it. This essay intends to present both sides of the story.    Some great literary scholars think that the poem is an heroic elegy, celebrating the fantastic achievements of its great hero, and also expressing sorrow or lamentation for the hero’s unfortunate death. In â€Å"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics† Tolkien states:Read MoreAnalysis Of Grendel s The Elegy / Epic Of Beowulf 1840 Words   |  8 PagesIn England during 700 and 1000 A.D., religion play a key factor in the composition of various literature. The narrator of the elegy/epic of Beowulf hints at biblical references consistently. The protagonist that starts of the epic, Grendel, refers to as a descendant of Cain. His â€Å"monstrous† actions are often a direct reflection of the story of Cain and his brother found in Genesis chapter four. Although Grendel is known as a heinous monster, he is an embodiment of the faults of humans and a victimRead MoreComparison between Beowulf and The Wanderer1436 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Survey of English Literature / Comparison between Beowulf and the Wanderer 10th October, 2013 / Esma Bike BostancÄ ± BEOWULF AND THE WANDERER There are many factors to consider in comparing the two poems of the Old English society – Beowulf and The Wanderer. While they have many similarities; they have, within their structure and plot, many differences we can easily find or eventually make out. When we look at both the poems in terms of their genre; while they are both products of theRead MoreCharles Baudelaire And Victor Hugo976 Words   |  4 Pagesindependence and the progress of the romantic poetry lead to the modern stature of art. Elegies are poems defined on the thematic approach, generally lamenting a death of a loved one. In some languages, elegies hold a set pattern of metre rather than a thematical set up of the poem. For example, Duineser Elegien written in German talks about a spiritual plane and search for the meaning of life. In English Literature, elegies are generally dealt by the thematic approach but gives the freedom to allegoricallyRead MoreAnglo Saxon Values Essay998 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor works which are the epic Beowulf and the elegies â€Å"The Wanderer† and â€Å"The Seafarer†. The Anglo-Saxons valued their cultural values of loyalty, justness and bravery. Other major values are respected and shown throughout their works. The Anglo-Saxons have their own distinct values they admire that differ them from other groups. The Anglo-Saxons express their cultural value of loyalty throughout the epic Beowulf and the elegies â€Å"The Seafarer† and â€Å"The Wanderer†. Beowulf has loyalty towards hisRead MoreBeliefs In Beowulf : The Values Of Old English Literature904 Words   |  4 Pagescan be found in a number of instances across time, but none greater than the Anglo-Saxon period. Beowulf is just one example of how Anglo-Saxon literature contains many of their values and beliefs. This folk epic is known as one of the most important works of Old English literature for this reason. â€Å"The Wanderer† is considered most perfect in form and feeling of an Old English poem. As found in Beowulf, â€Å"The Seafarer†, and â€Å"The Wanderer†, the Anglo-Saxons valued and respected justice, valor, and loyaltyRead MoreThe Similarities Of Beowulf And Sense And Sensibility1345 Words   |  6 Pageshave similarities. At first glance the two stories, Beowulf and Sense and Sensibi lity, are completely different, but if you look closer, youll find as many similarities as differences, its just that the differences are the most prevalent elements of these two literary pieces. To start off, Beowulf and Sense and Sensibility are very different. Firstly, Beowulf is an epic lyric poem; a lyric poem is a poem meant to sung, while an epic poem is an elegy, a poem mourning fallen warriors. Sense and SensibilityRead MoreAnglo-Saxon Heroic Poetry5673 Words   |  23 Pagestwo types: the Heroic, the sources of which are pre-Christian Germanic myth, history and custom; and the Christian. Heroic, or Epic Poetry belongs to one of these two types and refers to long narrative poems celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, in a grand, ceremonious style. In its strict use by literary critics, the terms Heroic Poetry or Epic are applied to a work that meets the following criteria: such a poem must be related in an elevated style, and centered upon aRead More Beowulf Attacks the Dragon Essays1576 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf Attacks the Dragon. Beowulf makes his final boast. He says that, even though he is old, he shall â€Å"still seek battle, perform a deed of fame† by killing the dragon. (Norton59) He doesnt know how to grapple with the dragon, like he did with Grendel, so he will use a sword and shield. He tells his men that the outcome will be â€Å"with us at the wall as fate allots, the ruler of every man.† (59) He tells them to let him fight the monster alone, â€Å"By my courage I will get gold, or

Different Kinds of Religions Essay - 1359 Words

Religion is a topic that varies from person to person and culture to culture. Although religion is broadly defined as â€Å"the belief or worship of a spirit or god† (Hopfe and Woodward ), each religion of the world has their own beliefs and worship strategies that defines that particular religion. Across the world, religions have their own beliefs and rituals; however, they are all commonly linked with the tradition of beliefs, holy places of worship, and celebrations. While each contrasting world religion will be discussed in this paper; they will collectively be centered around the question of how each religion practices their own beliefs, places of worship, and celebrations. The first religion that I am going to discuss is Buddhism.†¦show more content†¦(White) Since the beginning of the Buddhist religion, believers visit temples and shrines in order to pay their respects to Buddha and worship with other Buddhists. Because Buddha believed that Buddhism is a way of life, Buddhists often believe that attending a place to worship is not critical. Some Buddhists even have their own shrines so their worship can be done in a more convenient and timely manner. The Buddhist’s shrine originated as a place built to worship the ashes of Buddha. More shrines were continued to be built in order to hold additional sacred items. Today, shrines and temples are built in various ways however; many of them consist of 5 tiers representing the five elements of the universe – earth, wind, fire, water, and emptiness. They were also built taller in the belief that their place of worship was reaching â€Å"out of the physical world and towards wisdom† (White). Different cultures celebrate Buddhism in various ways but, all cultures celebrate the greatest moments of Buddha’s life. For instance, in Japan, Buddha’s birthday is celebrated with the Flower Festival where, in India, Buddha’s first teaching is celebrated with the Festival of the Sacred Tooth. Buddhism is a religion that is based on a person’s mental enlightenment and is one of the bigger religions of the world. Christianity is oneShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Religion And Science1339 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between religion and science. For example, the question has been raised whether science and religion give the same kind of knowledge, thus competing with one another. The alternate view is that they give different kinds of knowledge, thereby complementing one another. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was an Italian scientist who addressed this issue. A bit later, the English philosopher David Hume (1711-1776) similarly di scussed the kinds of knowledge that can be obtained from religion and scienceRead MoreBuddhist People View Life And The World1521 Words   |  7 PagesWhether it was the beliefs, or how their people carried themselves that attracted you to the religion you currently believe in, something caught your attention and in turn you got curious. People worldwide always want something to believe in, and a sense of purpose which they have a tendency to find in one of the collections of religion. Then the religion isn t just a believe but rather a way of life. The religion that we are going to be exploring and know the way of their life is Buddhism. Now whetherRead MoreHinduism And Islamic Religious Beliefs1276 Words   |  6 PagesThere are so many religions around the world that it is hard to understand what their beliefs are. Religion can influence in culture, art, and politics. Religions also can impact in many ways but can learn about some certain religions to know about more religions. Two of the religions are Hinduism and Islam. Hinduism and Islamic religion have been around for centuries, but Hinduism is older than Islamic religion. Those two religions interested me to know about their places, the services, and worshipRead MoreJudaism : Christianity And Christianity1085 Words   |  5 PagesJudaism and Christianity are two of the oldest religions known to man, with both developing out of the country if Israel. One of the biggest differences between the two religions is who Christ was, and his purpose in life. However, they share common ground when it comes to their belief in God and his teachings. In fact, Christianity would not exist without Judaism, as it the foundation that Christianity is based on. Judaism is the first and oldest religion, and because of this Judaism has a direct influenceRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1473 Words   |  6 Pagescultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes† and religion as â€Å"somethin g one believes in and follows devotedly; a point or matter of ethics or conscience.† The question stated on our political survey reads â€Å"shared religious belief isn’t and important part of our society.† And I disagree with that. Almost everyone has his or her own sets of beliefs and morals, which is what makes them who they are. I believe we need religion in society, otherwise we would all just be mindless robots withRead MoreIndia Is A Western Country Near Asia1457 Words   |  6 PagesIndia is a western country near Asia. India is the seventh largest country there is and second for the population of people who inherit this beautiful country. There are many different religions native to this country as well as many different types of music. The country of India has history dating back thousands of years, and the culture that is placed here is still Indian. Most of Indian culture has been preserved throughout the centuries, with only slight variations coming from other culturesRead MoreIntersectionality Essay727 Words   |  3 Pagesthe same person. Age, religion, color, race, gender, language and so many others are all identities of a person. Keep in mind that some of these identities don’t stay constant for example age. Age changes with the time and create some advantages and disadvantages. Everybody has a different set of identities and the set of these identities can be used against you. The combination of these identities can create problems, inequality and discrimination. We try to analyze, what kind combination of identitiesRead MoreFood Is A Way Of Life975 Words   |  4 Pagesessentially become a way of life in our world. People identify by what kind of food they grew up eating. People from the south feel that barbecue food is a way of life, while people in Italy can’t live without pasta. We can learn a lot about where are ancestors are from when we look at what kind of food we eat, but we can also see the cha nge that the culture we live in has put upon us. Since America is this beautiful melting pot of many different cultures we can see the blended in all of us, but still knowRead MoreElements of Religious Traditions Essay912 Words   |  4 Pagesworld today have some kind of religion in their lives or just none. However, no matter what people beliefs are, they believe in some form of religion in some part of life such as the satanic, idols, myths, or astrology. They believe in some sort of a higher being other than people. Nevertheless, there is a difference between beliefs, being scared, and being religious. In this paper, you will find what it means to have beliefs, be scared, be religious, what makes these different from one another. Read MoreSocial Life Of The Usa And Oman941 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Life in the USA and Oman The social life is different from one country to another, but also there are some commonalities and some similarities. Many people think that understanding of the social life is not very important, but in fact, the social life is an important part of this life we should understand it in the different countries. The United States and Oman each country has some differences and some similarities in social life and it is obvious in people, families, lifestyle and social

Environmental and Social Programmes and Rapidly †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Environmental and Social Programmes and Rapidly. Answer: Introduction Optus Telecommunications Company came into existence 1992 as Australian leader in integrated telecoms and from that point forward, it has come to one of the biggest recorded organizations in Australia. It is situated in Australia and their different business segments include long distance, mobile and national services along with internet, local telephony and business network services. Optus Telecommunications Company is one of the greatest private segments for the businesses that are utilizing 210,000 and shareholders added up to 500,000 (Zentes, Morschett and Schramm-Klein, 2017). The organization gives a wide scope of interchanges administrations including portable, national and long separation administrations, neighbourhood communication and business organize administrations, Internet administrations with membership and web TV. Since beginning operations in 1992, the company has invested more than A$17 billion for development of settled, versatile and satellite systems, including focal business area and rural neighbourhood get to systems. These systems give the organization a propelled innovation stage prepared to do conveying incorporated correspondences, data and diversion administrations. Optus turned into an owned backup of SingTel on 30 August 2001 and was recorded on the Australian stock Exchange on 10 September 2001. The SingTel Group, with Optus, is organized along the major three organizations: Group Consumer, Group Computerized Life and Group ICT. Assemble Consumer combines the Group's consumer related capacities, along with universal business in d eveloping markets that use our versatile client base of about 400 million for streamlined results. It concentrates on maintaining new benchmarks in client encounter to concrete the Group's position to be a main supplier of next generation correspondence, innovation and infotainment management to customers and private ventures all over Asia Pacific. Amass Digital Life facilitates Group's endeavours to remain at bleeding edge of advanced field. It endeavours to unite individuals with a creative and front line blend of computerized administrations, for example, NextGen TV, eBooks, emagazines, music, hyper local content, computerized attendant and cloud based gaming. It supplements the Group Consumer business offerings with packs and accompaniments of high-tech computerized administrations. Both SingTel and Optus convey satellite administrations, worldwide information and overseen administrations, distributed computing and endeavour versatility administrations. Optus Telecommunications Company - Corporate Governance The fundamental targets of the company is to offer an attractive support of their clients and come back to shareholders by satisfying the necessities of their shoppers by giving administrations and merchandise on expert and aggressive premise, safe working surrounding for employees and compensating the great entertainers and offering open doors for vocation development. Besides, they need to add to flourishing and development of countries in which it works through the business in proficient way and putting more accentuation on the earth security figure. Business with genuineness and honesty in completing the managing both exterior and in addition inside the element is their principle point. In the course of recent years, they could decrease the damage rate from 15.2% to 33.4% and advanced differing qualities in their work environment with 3,300 representatives that were recognized as original (Zentes, Morschett and Schramm-Klein, 2017). As there are ceaseless changes in the worldwide condition, different countries are experiencing the effect of expanding temperature, deficiencies of electricity and shortage in sustenance supplies. These progressions have genuine effect for the workers, groups, clients and economies. They are practical viewing dealing with issues as responding to environmental changes will give impressive natural, social and financial advantages. Governance Risk Faced by the Company Optus Telecommunications Company react towards changes in environment in 2 ways, essentially, effectively overseeing and observing outflows of their ozone harming substance and abatement them wherever conceivable and optionally, through attempting to perceive the dangers that occur because of alterations in atmosphere for business and distinguish dangers (Chapple and Humphrey, 2014). They know about the dangers related with their operation and significance of recognizing, overseeing and checking the dangers. They are confronting vital dangers from expanded rivalry, computerized obstruction inside the structure of industry, incapable usage of procedures and loss of the productive key administrative staff. While working, they confront different difficulties for loss of essential conveyances or foundations that includes IT frameworks, dread of information security loss and trustworthiness, business obstruction from the debate in the business, mishaps and stoppages in work and intrinsic dangers required in deal and appropriation of items. Promote, the organization confronts dangers from the administrative experts with respect to resistance of norms, directions and material laws. Budgetary risks that are confronted by the association are diminishment in access of reserve, antagonistic development in telephonic and internet costs and cash instability (Hubbard, Rice and Galvin, 2014). The leading body of the Optus Telecommunications Company is conferred towards giving agreeable come back to shareholders and fulfilling their corporate administration duties and commitments for best enthusiasm of partners and association. Their businesses are lined up with the ASX Corporate Governance Council's suggestions presented on 27th walk of 2014 and Corporate Governance Principles (Sullivan and Gouldson, 2016). To offer some incentive to consumers and representatives as time goes on, Optus Telecommunications Company are resolved to deal with their condition and group. Ten rule that are identified with supportability issues and perceived as most material certainty to association are below: Reliable concentration for making work environment safe Offering chances to representatives to enhance execution and profession advancement Ceaselessly attempting to make a situation for work which is comprehensive in nature with exceptional regard for sex differing qualities and including people groups from Torres Strait Island and native individuals Promising for aware and solid association with providers To offer the clients with safe merchandise and enterprises Persistently working to lessening force of emanations and enhancing resistance level with adjustments in atmosphere Attempting to diminish waste and utilizing that wherever is conceivable Keep up strict arrangements for corporate administration in the greater part of their organizations Making a constructive inclusion to the general population, wherever they work and Endeavouring to create items in dependable way while working with providers to build up their ecological and social conducts (Adams, 2016). Optus Telecommunications Company takes preferences of different techniques over administration, hierarchical structure, venture, capital resource figuring and authoritative control. They likewise utilize the expansion technique. They have three specialty units and divisions that include different items identified as group consumer, group digital life and group ICT and all divisions are taken care of by leading group of individuals that incorporate officials from certain divisions, corporate workplaces and business groups. All the division attains personal tenets and control for the operation and is in charge of actualizing the methodologies for the business and divisions. The procurement procedure of Optus Telecommunications Company is basically of three sorts, that is, extra group consumer, group digital life and group ICT. Group consumer deals with the companys client based functions for optimised results. Group digital life deals with the companys efforts to be renowned within digital aspect. Group ICT offers innovative along with suitable ICT solutions to the consumers of the companys enterprises. The procedure of the company at business level is unique in relation to others as they have three divisions and all of them can have particular system and every division additionally had distinctive offices for corporate administrations. Notwithstanding, every one of the divisions are required to accomplish the objective that is computed as far as profit for value and arrival on capital. Besides, they require giving their monetary record. They have ensured for least return rate for division and also business level. From examination of their operation, structure and condition, it is recognized that elements that affect the organization are the political elements, sociological variable, financial component, mechanical element, ecological element and lawful elements (Rowe et al., 2014). The legislature of Australia has built up an administrative structure for the mining operation and state government can execute different laws rely on upon circumstance. The misuse action is taken care of by understanding of state government. Besides, the law with respect to the carbon duty is additionally been issued. In this manner asset business and vitality division is represented by directions and organization might be worried about the carbon duty cost and understanding of state government (Sullivan and Gouldson, 2016). Attributable to retreat in worldwide economy the offers of extra group consumer, group digital life and group ICT were exceedingly affected. Increment of unemployment level may prompt diminishment of income from protection and office needs (Klettner, Clarke and Boersma, 2014). Within culture of Australia, it is extremely normal for family for bearing vast measure of cash in markets and housewives within Australia will probably buy items costing $100 every week for families from store. In this manner, the group digital life has great chance of acquiring great cash from Australian family (Akbar and Ahsan, 2014). Among the mining countries all through the world is Australia. Mining sector and mine assets are superior to numerous nations around the globe. Their mining firms make the blend of most imaginative innovations, items, types of gear and administrations with a view to make creation all more proficiently while advancing wellbeing in handling of mineral, new innovation and ecological insurance (Farivar et al., 2016). The lawful arrangement of Australia is exceptionally stable and includes the laws for normal assets, work related laws and different business laws. Such laws should be maintained by entirely to guarantee usage of vital administration criteria (Jones, Comfort and Hillier, 2014). Conclusion It is concluded that Optus Telecommunications Company is directing business in well way and go along all important tenets and controls of Australia. To expand income, group digital life began coordinating with Shell for giving petroleum administrations. Group digital life additionally have huge piece of the overall industry from Australia that can offer the shareholders with exceptional yield. Australian individuals will probably lean toward the one-quit shopping, Burnings offers extensive variety of equipment items with aggressive costs while group digital life and group ICT and fabric at least cost. It was gathered that as there are ceaseless changes in the worldwide condition, different countries are experiencing the effect of expanding temperature, deficiencies of electricity and shortage in sustenance supplies. These progressions have genuine effect for the workers, groups, clients and economies. They are practical viewing dealing with issues as responding to environmental chang es will give impressive natural, social and financial advantages. Every one of these elements will contribute for gaining high income. Their differing business includes e-magazines, digital concierge and cloud-based gaming. They should use a decent specialized establishment for guaranteeing the improvement of the undertaking. They ought to concentrate more on condition insurance as the regular assets in Australia are overseen extremely well and the legislature of Australia dependably concentrates on security of condition. References: Adams, M. A. (2016). Contemporary case studies in corporate governance failures.Governance Directions,68(6), 335. Akbar, S., Ahsan, K. (2014). Analysis of corporate social disclosure practices of Australian retail firms.International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting,6(4), 375-396. Chapple, L., Humphrey, J. E. (2014). Does board gender diversity have a financial impact? Evidence using stock portfolio performance.Journal of Business Ethics,122(4), 709-723. Farivar, F., Farivar, F., Scott-Ladd, B., Scott-Ladd, B. (2016). Growing corporate social responsibility communication through online social networking in Iran.International Journal of Organizational Analysis,24(2), 274-290. Hubbard, G., Rice, J., Galvin, P. (2014).Strategic management. Pearson Australia. Jones, P., Comfort, D., Hillier, D. (2014). Environmental and Social Programmes and Rapidly Growing Retailers.Economia Seria Management,17(1), 5-17. Klettner, A., Clarke, T., Boersma, M. (2014). The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), 145-165. Rowe, A. L., Nowak, M., Quaddus, M., Naude, M. (2014). Stakeholder engagement and sustainable corporate community investment.Business Strategy and the Environment,23(7), 461-474. Sullivan, R., Gouldson, A. (2016). The Governance of Corporate Responses to Climate Change: An International Comparison.Business Strategy and the Environment. Sullivan, R., Gouldson, A. (2016). The Governance of Corporate Responses to Climate Change: An International Comparison.Business Strategy and the Environment. Zentes, J., Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. (2017). Corporate Social Responsibility. InStrategic Retail Management (pp. 207-226). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

Murder Commiting Essays - Eli Lilly And Company, Medical Equipment

Murder Commiting The problem with committing murder is the high risk of being caught. When you decide that murder is justified, the problem of how to do it and how to avoid being found out are your first thoughts. Unfortunately, the police have become very sophisticated in their investigating skills. Very few murderers get away with it, until now that is. There are ways to fool the police and the coroner's office. If more people knew how to blow up a car with Drano, or cause a massive heart attack without any physical signs of foul play, there would be a lot more unsolved or unexplained deaths in which many life insurance policies would be paid without question. In my experience, the method of using Drano to blow up a car is very effective, yet it is very difficult to pull off. The first thing you must do is make sure your intended victim is nowhere in sight one hour before the car is started. The second thing is that rubber gloves are imperative; you do not want to leave fingerprints on a burnt - out car or on the Drano bottle. Remember to dispose of the gloves at a very distant location, perhaps making use of your local grocery store dumpsite. Once you have a full understanding of the timing in which to commit the act and the correct disposal of the gloves, you may continue with the steps in creating this destructive action. First you remove the gas cap on the car, then remove the cap on the Drano bottle, and pour the Drano into the gas tank. Then all you have to do is dispose of the Drano bottle and wait. It is a good idea to leave the area as soon as possible, making sure not to seem suspicious. When the intended victim engages the car engine, the Drano will then make its way to the engine, and the Drano will be ignited. This will, of course, cause a fire that will spread from the engine, to the cab of the car, and then to the gas tank itself. Although in theory, this seems to be a simple operation, I have found this method to be very difficult, because you must find the right circumstances in which to successfully complete this task. The most difficult part was getting my victim to be in the right places at the right time. One of my favorite methods of committing a murder would have to be the heart attack method. This technique is relatively easy and effective. There are some preparations to consider before diving into this process. You will have to find approximately 10cc of diabetic insulin. This may not be as difficult as you may think. You may not be aware of just how many people are insulin dependent, so try looking in your family and friend's medicine cabinets. Once you acquire the insulin, you will need to find a syringe. If you do not find a syringe with the insulin, you can buy a syringe at any drug store. Be sure to pay with cash; never leave a paper trail that may lead authorities to you. You will need to be very close to your victim; if it's your spouse you would like to remove from your life, you will want to choose a time when he or she is asleep or in a drunken stupor. Be sure to take mental notes of his or her body. Try to find an area where there are large amounts of freckles; this will be the place where you will make your injections. While your victim is asleep or passed out, fill the syringe with all 10ccs of the insulin. Make sure there are no air bubbles left in the syringe, for they will rush straight to the heart. A coroner will be able to spot the bubbles immediately. Creep over to your victim and find the freckle you chose in your preparation. Insert the syringe needle into the freckle. Doing this will cause your victim to awaken quickly, so make sure you have pulled the needle out fully. A broken needle will be spotted by a coroner during the autopsy. Your victim will, without doubt, become very angry and will possibly thrash about, causing items in the room to fall to the floor. Do not worry about this because it is not uncommon for a heart attack victim to cause damage while in the midst of an attack. The insulin

Free Essays on Anglea Carter

In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the two female agents in the stories ‘The Tigers Bride ´ and ‘The Werewolf ´ in regards to the post-modern feminism of our times. Initially in ‘The Tigers Bride ´ a father looses her daughter (beauty) to The Beast in a game of cards. Obviously Beauty resents her father for this act, this is shown in, â€Å"My father said he loved me yet he staked his daughter on a hand of cards.† Whereas in ‘The Werewolf ´ the young daughter is also put at risk by her mother, when she is asked to take her grandmother some cakes through a dangerous forest. Both of the female characters are exposed to danger in the beginning of the stories In this day and age it is questionable if these females would strictly follow the commands of their parents and also due to equality they would be allowed to decide for themselves. It would seem that both females would encounter instant misery yet this is not the case. Even though both characters are faced with danger they still continue instead of fleeing. In Comparison beauty follows The Beast to his retreat, while the young daughter in ‘The Werewolf ´ goe s through the dangerous forest. They both show a degree of bravery that can be seen as a postmodern feminist thought. Both characters control and confront their fears on their own personal terms. Beauty confronts the beast when they both expose their naked bodies to one another and the laws associated with identity and fear collapse. Whereas the young girl physically confronts her fears by cutting off the hand of the werewolf when she is attacked. A woman confronting her fears and succeeding no matter what can also be seen as post modern feminism. Ironically in the end beauty has the dominant character in respect to the male character, as the heroine is mentally strong, in control, and she actively orchestrates her situation on her own terms. Strangely the entire main characters in ‘The W... Free Essays on Anglea Carter Free Essays on Anglea Carter In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the two female agents in the stories ‘The Tigers Bride ´ and ‘The Werewolf ´ in regards to the post-modern feminism of our times. Initially in ‘The Tigers Bride ´ a father looses her daughter (beauty) to The Beast in a game of cards. Obviously Beauty resents her father for this act, this is shown in, â€Å"My father said he loved me yet he staked his daughter on a hand of cards.† Whereas in ‘The Werewolf ´ the young daughter is also put at risk by her mother, when she is asked to take her grandmother some cakes through a dangerous forest. Both of the female characters are exposed to danger in the beginning of the stories In this day and age it is questionable if these females would strictly follow the commands of their parents and also due to equality they would be allowed to decide for themselves. It would seem that both females would encounter instant misery yet this is not the case. Even though both characters are faced with danger they still continue instead of fleeing. In Comparison beauty follows The Beast to his retreat, while the young daughter in ‘The Werewolf ´ goe s through the dangerous forest. They both show a degree of bravery that can be seen as a postmodern feminist thought. Both characters control and confront their fears on their own personal terms. Beauty confronts the beast when they both expose their naked bodies to one another and the laws associated with identity and fear collapse. Whereas the young girl physically confronts her fears by cutting off the hand of the werewolf when she is attacked. A woman confronting her fears and succeeding no matter what can also be seen as post modern feminism. Ironically in the end beauty has the dominant character in respect to the male character, as the heroine is mentally strong, in control, and she actively orchestrates her situation on her own terms. Strangely the entire main characters in ‘The W...

Using Ordinal Numbers in Spanish

Using Ordinal Numbers in Spanish If you want to say first in Spanish, theres a word for that - and its nothing like uno, the word for one. Its primero, the first of what are called the ordinal numbers. Ordinal Numbers Function as Adjectives The ordinal numbers might be thought of as the adjective form of the cardinal numbers, the numbers in the form they are most often used. Thus uno (one) is a cardinal number, while primero (first) is its ordinal form. The same goes for the cardinal dos  (two) and the ordinal segundo (second). In Spanish, the ordinal forms are used most commonly for the numbers 10 and under. They are: First: primeroSecond: segundoThird: terceroFourth: cuartoFifth: quintoSixth: sextoSeventh: sà ©ptimo, sà ©timoEighth: octavoNinth: novenoTenth: dà ©cimo When used as an adjective, ordinal numbers must agree with the nouns they refer to in both number and gender: el segundo coche (the second car, where coche is masculine), but la segunda vez (the second time, where vez is feminine). Note also that when primero and tercero precede a singular masculine noun, the final -o is dropped: el primer rey (the first king), el tercer trimestre (the third trimester). This change is known as apocopation. For larger numbers, it is common to use simply the cardinal number, especially in speech. Thus el siglo veinte (the 20th century) is more common than the cardinal form, el siglo vigà ©simo, and in writing the numerical (el siglo 20) or Roman (el siglo XX) form is often used. It is also common to word a sentence in such a way that the ordinal form is not used. So, for example, cumple cuarenta y cinco aà ±os (literally, she reaches 45 years) would be the most common way of saying it is someones 45th birthday. In general, the ordinal numbers for 11th and above can be considered mostly a formal usage. In any case, here are examples of larger ordinal numbers. 11th: undà ©cimo12th: duodà ©cimo13th: decimotercero14th: decimocuarto15th: decimoquinto16th: decimosexto17th: decimosà ©ptimo18th: decimoctavo19th: decimonoveno20th: vigà ©simo21st: vigà ©simo primero22nd: vigà ©simo segundo23rd: vigà ©simo tercero24th: vigà ©simo cuarto30th: trigà ©simo31st: trigà ©simo primero32nd: trigà ©simo segundo40th: cuadragà ©simo50th: quincuagà ©simo60th: sexagà ©simo70th: septuagà ©simo80th: octogà ©simo90th: nonagà ©simo100th: centà ©simo200th: ducentà ©simo300th: tricentà ©simo400th: cuadringentà ©simo500th: quingentà ©simo600th: sexcentà ©simo700th: septingentà ©simo800th: octingà ©simo900th: noningentà ©simo1,000th: milà ©simo2,000th: dosmilà ©simo3,000th: tresmilà ©simo4,000th: cuatromilà ©simo1,000,000,000th: millonà ©simo Ordinal numbers can also be written using a superscripted o or a depending on whether it is masculine or feminine, respectively. For example, the equivalent of 2nd is 2o when referring to a masculine noun and 2a when referring to a feminine one. The lower-case  superscripted o should not be confused with the symbol for degrees. Using ordinary lower-case letters (as in 2nd) is also possible when supercripts arent available: 2o, 2a. Mnemonic Device: Remembering the Ordinals You may be able to help youself remember the ordinal forms by connecting them with English words you already know: Primero is related to primary.Segundo is similar to second.Tercero is related to tertiary.A quarter, similar to cuarto, is a fourth of a whole.Five children born together are quintuplets, using the same root word as quinto.An octave, similar to octavo, has eight notes.The decimal, similar to dà ©cimo, system is based on the number 10. Sample Sentences Showing Use of Ordinal Numbers El primer dà ­a fuimos amenazados por un grupo de manifestantes. (The first day we were threatened by a group of protesters.) La estrella de muchas pelà ­culas ha adoptado una segunda nià ±a. (The star of many films has adopted a second girl.) La Fà ³rmula 1 contempla seriamente la opcià ³n de un tercer coche por equipo. (Formula 1 is seriously considering the option of a third team car.) Hermine, la octava tormenta tropical de la temporada de huracanes en el Atlntico, se formà ³ hoy. (Hermine, the eighth tropical storm of the hurricane season, formed in the Atlantic today.) Puebla se ubica en el dà ©cimo lugar de las ciudades ms caras del paà ­s. (Pueblo occupies 10th place of the countrys most expensive cities.) Esta es la lista de episodios pertenecientes a la decimosexta temporada. (This is the list of episodes from the 16th season.) El empresario es el centà ©simo hombre ms rico de Canad. (The businessman is the 100th richest man in Canada.) Eres la  milà ©sima  persona que me dice que estoy muy guapo.  (You are the  1,000th  person to tell me that I am very handsome.)

Investigating The International Strategy Of A Chosen MNE. The Essay

Investigating The International Strategy Of A Chosen MNE. The lectricit de France - Essay Example Therefore, it is vital to understand the company thoroughly and its operation in various sectors of the economy. The emerging countries such as India have become an important ground for the international business activities of the multinational corporations. However, there are certain challenges that the MNCs need to face when expanding their operation in countries like India. The market seems to be uncertain, turbulent and messy. The rapid changes taking place makes in the business environment make it even more complex, turbulent, uncertain and risky in comparison to the western countries. However, the MNCs need to consider these uncertainties as challenges and decide its strategy accordingly (Jannson, 2008). Therefore, the research paper will try to tackle the problems that can be encountered while expanding its operation in India. Various theories of international expansion will be sought in order to gain a broad view of the study. The theories will serve as a guide to complete the research paper successfully and will also provide insights into the various market entry strategies and the methods to tackle the problems that are usually encountered while entering into emerging countries such as India. ... Various suggestions will be provided to the company in light of the challenges and issues it is facing and may encounter while expanding its business in India. SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis will be conducted in order to understand the business environment in which the company operates. Therefore, the current paper investigates the efficiency of Electricite de France in France and the motives of the company for international expansion. Particularly, in addition to identifying the motives behind international expansion, the current study will try to gauge the opportunities that lie in India for any multinational enterprise. Company Background Electricite de France is a France based company. It is an integrated energy operator and is active in creation, distribution, and supply and trading of electrical energy. The generation of the energy takes place by using the nuclear technology along with the usage of thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources. Electricite De France is also e ngaged in the gas segment. The EDF group’s parent company is Electricite de France SA that operates through its subsidiaries and also includes totally owned subsidiaries such as EDEV, RTE-EDF transport, Figlec, EDF Belgium, Finelex BV and EDF UK Ltd among others. The group is present in most of the countries such as France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, United States and several other countries (Corporate information, 2011). The company was originated in the year 1946 on 8th of April when a law nationalised approximately1450 French gas and electricity creations, distribution and transmission companies. During the post war in France, it was noted that 90% of the households had proper access to the electricity and the operation of the small

Training Module Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Training Module - Assignment Example With regard to project management timeline, it can be apparently observed that there pertain numerous scopes as well as risks relating to the development of the training plan. In this regard, the scopes might encompass generation of greater customer value and employee motivation among others. On the other hand, the risks might comprise having negative attitude towards the organization and unwillingness of the leaders among others. It is to be stated that different sorts of activities like interactive learning, demonstrations and analysis of case studies can be executed in order to make the training plan more effectual for Tesco. 2. Identification and Rationale of the Goals/Objectives Goals/objectives in the training module are the major considerations that can support an organization to accomplish its desired expectations (Gullett & Bedi, 2007). Therefore, following are the major objectives that require to be undertaken in order to build an effective training module. Increasing Produ ctivity Increasing productivity will be a primary objective of the overall training module which can eventually enable Tesco to strive the capability of each individual employee within the organization. The main reason behind this objective is to maintain and develop the present brand position along with long-term sustainability of the organization in the highly competitive retail industry (Koller,Harvey, & Magnotta, 2010). Establishing Communication between Employees and Working Environment The objective of establishing effective communication between the personnel and the working environment can deliver adequate support to an organization towards developing the performance level of each individual. The rationale of this particular objective is to increase the amount of coordination amid the employees and raise operational effectiveness by a greater level (Wilson, Stine & Bowen 2009). Minimizing Cost and Time Cost and time minimization is often regarded as the major goals of traini ng module that can enable an organization to increase its revenue and accomplish superior competitive position over its chief business market participants. In terms of rationale, it can be affirmed that the objective of minimizing cost and time has been taken into concern for Tesco due to the augmentation of extreme business market competition in the respective industry and alterations in the business environment (Wilson, Stine & Bowen 2009). 3. Outcomes and Rationale of the Training Module In relation to the proposed training module for Tesco, it can be anticipated that three major outcomes can significantly reinforce the performance of the organization. The potential outcomes from the training module have been discussed in the following section. Adequate Control of the Process The training module concerning electronic and online technological aspect can improve the capability of Tesco to obtain greater control and efficiency in its overall operational as well as functional process (Ellis, 2009). Increase Knowledge and Capability The training module concerning electronic and online technology can emphasize upon providing greater scope for innovation and also formulating effective ways to meet the ultimate objectives of the organization at large (Ellis, 2009). Productive Working Environment The nature of the proposed training module can be recognized as that it has been designed to make aware the employees to become much

The Archetypal Hero Thesis Essay Example for Free

The Archetypal Hero Thesis Essay Archetypal Hero Thesis The archetypal hero appears in all religions, mythologies and epics of the world in different forms and stories which distinct commonalities can be drawn between each. An archetype is a recurring pattern of character, images, situations or symbols found in mythology, religion, dreams and stories of all cultures that is an expression of the world’s personal and collective unconscious. By that, an archetype is an unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way. Humans didn’t ‘invent’ archetypes, but they do express archetypes in the conscious world, therefore, the hero is not someone â€Å"out there† in the universe but the hero is an expression of people’s deep psychological aspect of human existence. Heroes from different stories, cultures and times, all possess different traits, whether it is gender, disposition, motives or context. However, the common factor that creates the archetypal hero is the fundamental structure that their journeys follow or, as Joseph Campbell refers to it, the monomyth. Campbell summarizes it as being, â€Å"A hero [that] ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man. While not every story containing a hero follows this path exactly, the hero will be identified by following a similar journey, whilst reflecting the appearance and values of the dominant thinking in a societal group, with the story resulting in the hero’s people gaining independence, usurping power or obtaining a number, or at least one, favorable result to the journey. TKB

An Experiment to Find Out the Effect of Osmosis on Potato Cells :: Papers

An Experiment to Find Out the Effect of Osmosis on Potato Cells Plan ==== Apparatus:  · A borer  · 25 test tubes  · 5 test tube racks  · 2 potatoes  · A ruler  · A sharp knife Variables: Four different sugar solutions at 10%,20%,30%and40% and distilled water Hypothesis: I hypothesis that the higher the sugar the less the potato size will increase. I think this because I think it will be harder for the liquid to get in because it is denser. Using the borer make cuts into the potato and pull out the pieces of potato. Chop the pieces so they are 20mm long repeat process 25 times. This experiment must be statistically viable i.e. the potato pieces must be identical. If you come to a bad piece of potato discard it. Put all the pieces into individual test tubes. Using one of the solutions fill up 5 test tubes to exactly the same height. Repeat process for all the solutions. Put test tubes into racks and leave for 24 hours. This should be done as quickly as possible to ensure each piece of potato is immersed for exactly the same period of time. Research [IMAGE]Fig 1 Osmosis is the transfer of a liquid solvent through a semi permeable membrane that does not allow dissolved solids (solutes) to pass. Osmosis refers only to transfer of solvent; transfer of solute is called dialysis . In either case the direction of transfer is from the area of higher concentration of the material transferred to the area of lower concentration. This spontaneous migration of a material from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is called diffusion. Osmosis will occur if a vessel is separated into two compartments by a semi permeable membrane, both compartments are filled to the same level with a solvent, and solute is added to one side. The level of the liquid on the side containing the solute will

Case Study of Indian Ocean Tsunami

Case Study of the Indian Ocean Tsunami On December 26, 2004, the Indian Ocean earthquake, or the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, caused a tsunami that killed 230,000 people and was recorded as the deadliest tsunami in known history. The earthquake was recorded as between 9. 1 and 9. 3 on the Richter scale, the second largest earthquake ever recorded. It was also recorded as the longest one, triggering earthquakes as far away as Alaska. Following the disaster, a worldwide effort raised billions of dollars in tsunami relief. ConsequencesThe initial toll by the U. S. Geological Survey was 283,100 dead. However, actual figures counted 229,886. About one-third of the dead are children because they were least able to fight the waters. Additionally, nearly 9,000 foreign tourists were dead or missing. The disaster affected Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, the Maldives, Somalia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Seychelles and others in South East Asian. In some areas, drinking water supplies and farm fie lds are contaminated for the long term by the ocean's salt waters.The United Nations stated that the relief effort will be the costliest in history and reconstruction may take up to ten years. One of the biggest fears was the spread of diseases, which prompted non-governmental organizations and relief agencies to increase humanitarian aid. Furthermore, the economic impact is devastating on both the national and local levels. Costal fishing communities are some of the poorest in the region, and fishing exports account for substantial earnings of the countries. Nearly two-thirds of the fishing fleet and infrastructure were destroyed.The earthquake and ensuing tsunami changed the seabed in the Malacca Straits, and new navigational charts would have to be created. Additionally, tourism is greatly impacted as foreigners canceled their trips to South East Asian. The disaster also has a great environmental impact as it inflicted severe damage on ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, f orests, coastal wetlands, vegetation, sand dunes and rock formations, animal and plant biodiversity and groundwater. The spread of wastes and industrial chemicals further polluted waters and threaten ecosystems.The invading seawater also contaminated freshwater, destroying the critical environment habitable for coral reefs. Citizen Response The public was generous in donating to tsunami aid. For instance, in the United Kingdom, the public donated nearly US$600,000,000. Compared to the government, the donation was quite substantial, averaging around $10 per person, including the homeless and children. Government Response Governments and humanitarian organizations responded by providing sanitation facilities and fresh drinking water to prevent a wave of diseases from increasing the death toll.The quick response mitigated and contained diseases such as cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, and typhoid that could have inflicted even more damage. Also, there was a substantial movement to bury bodies to prevent the spread of disease. Globally, countries provided over US$3 billion in aid. The government of Australia pledged nearly US$820 million and the United States pledged $950 million. In the US, a joint effort by former Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton led the effort to provide private aid to tsunami victims.The Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004 must go down in human history as one of our greatest ever disasters. A magnitude 9. 0 earthquake, the most powerful to hit anywhere in the last 40 years, created tidal waves in the Indian Ocean that killed at least 225,000 people in 11 countries. Sri Lanka was hit quite hard, with over 32,000 dead and approx. 5 percent of the population there left homeless. In Indonesia more than 150,000 were killed and over 12,000 lost their lives in India, most in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In Thailand there were more than 5,000 deaths many of whom were foreign tourists.The devastation to services, property and buildings from the effects of the Tsunami was so immense that international appeals were launched for aid to the victims, of unprecedented proportions. The disaster spawned immediate and renewed scientific interest in Tsunamis from researchers all over the world. How Tsunamis are formed, where they may strike, their likelihood of occurrence of any significance, their characteristics and ways in which their potentially devastating effects may perhaps be mitigated, are questions that many researchers are seeking answers to.Whilst Tsunamis are not an entirely new phenomena, and a significant amount of scientific literature can be found that addresses many of these questions (Bryant, 2001), it is clear that much still needs to be done to gain a better understanding of Tsunami wave-structure interaction effects on buildings and building elements n a key issue with respect to structure integrity and survival against the effects of a Tsunami. Indian Ocean Tsunami (26th December 2004) The Indian Ocean tsunami (sometimes called the Boxing Day tsunami in the UK) was caused by a 9. 1 magnitude earthquake.The earthquake occurred under the Indian Ocean NW of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The earthquake was at a depth of 30km and caused a huge rupture that triggered waves of up to 30m in height. The giant tsunami affected many countries around the Indian Ocean. The hardest hit was Indonesia, where up to 170,000 people were killed (exact figures are unknown because many bodies were never recovered). In total about 230,000 people are believed to have lost their lives, with a further 125,000 injured and over 1. 5 million displaced (again these figure vary because not all bodies were recovered or injured recorded).The tsunami killed locals and tourists alike, many tourists were killed because they were on beaches or in hotels near the beach. Many local who work in the tourism or fishing industry were also effected. In many fishing villages fatalities were actually higher amongst women, becaus e many men were at sea fishing (if you are out of sea, past where the sea bed shallows, tsunami actually appear as big ripples and will not destroy the boats). The Indian Ocean tsunami triggered one of the biggest humanitarian efforts of all time. Below is a summary of some of the different responses at different scales.

Mental Exploration with Super Natural Elements

Man is born with love, happiness, gloom and desperation but along with it, an essence of an unknown fear. It is a fear of strange phenomenon that has imbibed within their soul from their ancestors’ ardent belief in supernatural forces in their social and cultural lives. The aura of feelings of that strangeness is so strong in many that they begin to believe their activities and their lives as a result of the strong influence of this strangeness. The traits of these feelings dominates’ their mental powers to the extent that they deem all the supernatural elements a reality. These feelings also rely on all the displeasures and pains that he feel in the life which he mostly find in environment and nature around. He began to feel nature as personification of devils and witches, the shapes given by fork-lore of the generations past and have become so part of our life that they took many of us in its vintage of belief. All the stories, Poe’s â€Å"Fall of the House of Usher†, Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, and Bierce’s â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge†, are psychopathic novels. In all these stories, protagonists have strange feelings of supernatural elements with evilness and dread-ness not withstanding shrouding in them but along with that there are also scenes of lives they had passed and hope for a future if they would have lived long. These stories are not just shrouding with physical fear and gruesome murder tales but there are certain more intrinsic qualities examining mental upheavals and heart swearing souls of protagonists. They are not in certain supernatural as other tales of Gothic literature but are given the supernatural touch to the objects and environment so close to protagonists. Poe gave the House of Usher a supernatural realm and Roderick Usher felt himself into close associated with the house and owed his odd behavior to the house. Usher had a feeling that his morale and his behavior were dependent on this house. From the beginning of the story only, it had been told that there was something very unusual and peculiar about this house. When narrator met Roderick Usher, he remarked†¦ â€Å"The physique of the gray walls and the turrents, and of the dim tarn into which they all looked down, had, at length, brought upon the morale of his existence.† (Poe, 1515). In the house, narrator also felt a sense of gloominess. Usher’s family though belonged to the ancient clan could not flourish, as there remained only one survival member from generations. It happened with Roderick Usher too, his twin sister Madeline died and Roderick with the help of narrator buried Madeline in the tomb in building itself. Often Roderick would become very uneasy and would hear strange sounds and often mutter himself. They also saw the bright looking gas surrounding the house. Roderick felt that they had buried Madeline alive and she would often come out of the tomb and felt that she was standing behind the door. Wind blew the door opened and Roderick was confirmed as he saw her standing in white robes covered with blood as if she was struggling to escape. She attacked Roderick as life was passing from her and Roderick died due to fear. Along with the death of Roderick, the house too collapsed and narrator escaped from the house. There is no doubt of the fact that writer had espoused upon the supernatural elements while giving the mental dilemma of Roderick. Poe developed claustrophobia in the story. The supernatural element is naturally the ghost of Madeline. Some scholars even point to the fact that Madeline never existed but only the part of Roderick’s mental imagination but Madeline was there. Both were twins and shared same sense of dispositions. Though Madeline died soon yet Roderick never found himself separated from Madeline: this is main thrust of the story and they were again united in the end when Madeline became the cause of Roderick’s death. There is no thematic element in the story but only reflects the psychological and claustrophobic disturbances that can haunt any lonely person in a huge mansion from the walls of which spring woeful tales of his ancestors. Hawthorne shared same tendencies with Edgar Allen Poe to bring supernatural elements. His writings shook our nerves; with his ardent touch of supernatural elements, he showed us our fears and inhibited desires. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† has both the elements of supernaturalism in the form of devil having snakelike staff that he always carried with him. Hawthorne portrays devil as equal to Brown as if there is a certain common link between the two.   It emphasizes the puritan theology, that devil is everywhere in the world. It implies every man has the qualities impersonalized by goodness as well as evilness and we easily get distracted towards evilness. Brown got every chance to go back to Faith, his wife representation of religion, purity and goodness but he fell into the trap of devil as his ancestors did.   This meeting with supernatural element in the wilderness left Brown completely distorted in his vision of the world and as a result he got psychologically disturbed and began to live with empty heart. He began to see devil behind every bush and in the heart of every man but without realizing that devil was in his heart. He always felt within him evilness and his end mounted in hopelessness and wretchedness. Hawthorne said, â€Å"A stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man, did he become, from the night of the fearful dream.† (Hawthorne, 612) He could not even listen to the holy psalm, because sin had already overpowered his soul. As compared to Edgar Allen Poe, his Young Goodman Brown has an element of theme. It is the theme of Christian doctrine over evilness. If a person once gets into the trap of evil, it is impossible for him to come out of it. He went into the evil world full of darkness and even though tried to come out of it could not emerge out and finally fell into an eternal doom. Ambrose Bierce’s Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge is a clear picture of man whose end is near-his feelings; psychological desires and tendencies brunt open his inherent willingness to live into this world. It is again a psychological dilemma of man punished to be hanged till death at Owl Creek Bridge. There is no direct supernatural element in this story as is in Hawthorne’s or Poe but Peyton Farquhar thoughts and some strange sounds when he saw the log drifting in the stream below and the strange light when he was falling in the river and drowning. There is an essence of realistic touch in the end of the story. In his dream, what Peyton Farquhar saw â€Å"strange roseate light†, trees that look like â€Å"giant garden plants†, and â€Å"great golden stars† (Bierce 274) are though supernatural in essence and immersed in the words as real but what exactly Peyton Farquhar’s was looking at were only artificial substances woven in his mind. All events of his attempts to escape and finally when he fell down from the shot was the psychological manifestation of a man within whom there was a realization that he could escape from the clutches of death and become free like a log drifting in a river before. His love and remembrance for his wife and children was so imbibed in his soul that he felt some supernatural power would come to save him from death, but his death was inevitable. Though he thought he had escaped from soldier’s claws yet when he was going to meet his beautiful wife, he fell down from the shot and in the end, we saw him dangling from the Owl Creek Bridge. There is a misdirection of plot in story pleading a man’s desire of life but if death has to come, then no one can escape from it. This is a thematic game that Ambrose Bierce's played so naturally with the mental trip of Peyton Farquhar. Middle age was the period of Gothic literature-Witches, ghosts, spirits, etc. have formed the part of these stories and the whole environment have the feeling of strangeness in the midst of real lives, but the depth to which these stories are presented gave these stories a different dimension. These stories are more of man’s mental disturbances and emotional upheavals that take the form of supernatural beings. What a man thinks, idealizes and gets set backs in life is all form of devils and witches coming to grasp him in his jaws. This is the thematic element, Poe, Hawthorne and Bierce’s so profoundly and dexterously espoused in their stories. WORKS CITED Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† The American Tradition in Literature ei~th edition. Ed. George and Barbara Perkins. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994. 1511-1523. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† Norton Anthology American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: W.W Norton & Company, 1999. 601-613. Bierce, Ambrose. â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge.† Norton Anthology of American Literature: Volume 2. Ed. Nina Baym, et al. New York: W. W Norton, 1998. 268-275.      

Technology Plan Critique essayEssay Writing Service

Technology Plan Critique essayEssay Writing Service Technology Plan Critique essay Technology Plan Critique essayThe Technology Plan Critique helps me to assess the effectiveness of the technology plan specially developed for South-Western City Schools. The major goal of this plan is to provide our schools with the appropriate technology planning tool that will helps schools to introduce and implement new technologies. I realize the significance of this technology plan as it is oriented on the wide introduction of information technologies that can help to enhance the planning process and adapt school curriculum to the required needs. The Technology Plan Critique relates to the standard of the academic development of students.  Ã‚  I believe that the Technology Plan Critique has a positive impact on my personal and professional development. I realize the necessity to successfully implement new technologies in schools. However, I know that the technology plan still has some weaknesses, including possible difficulties in the implementation of new information technol ogies in the classroom. The additional training for educators and students is crucial to use information technology in a proper way.In addition, I realize the necessity to address certain economic problems associated with the implementation of the technology plan. Today the shortage of financial resources to fund schools may lead to the risk of the cut of funding. I believe that educators should find the proper solutions to the existing problems in order to facilitate the use of technology in schools.Thus, the Technology Plan Critique contributes to my personal growth and career development to a great extent. I have assessed the effectiveness of the technology plan developed for South-Western city schools and consider that this plan is prospective. Undoubtedly, the implementation of the technology plan requires certain improvements. I will take into consideration these pitfalls in order to avoid negative consequences in my future professional career.

Ulysses S Grant at the Battle of Shiloh

Ulysses S Grant at the Battle of Shiloh General Ulysses Grant’s overwhelming victories at Forts Henry and Donelson in February 1862 caused the withdrawal of Confederate forces not only from the State of Kentucky but also from most of Western Tennessee. Brigadier General Albert Sidney Johnston positioned his forces, numbered at 45,000 troops, at and around Corinth, Mississippi. This location was an important transportation center since it was a junction for both the Mobile Ohio and Memphis Charleston railroads, often referred to as the crossroads of the Confederacy. General Johnston Dies During a Sneak Attack By April 1862, Major General Grant’s Army of Tennessee had grown to nearly 49,000 soldiers. They needed a rest, so Grant made camp on the western side of the Tennessee River at Pittsburg Landing while he was awaiting re-enforcements and also training soldiers who had no battle experience. Grant was also planning with Brigadier General William T. Sherman for their attack on the Confederate Army at Corinth, Mississippi. Further, Grant was waiting for the Army of Ohio to arrive, commanded by Major General Don Carlos Buell.   Instead of sitting and waiting at Corinth, General Johnston had moved his Confederate troops near Pittsburg Landing. On the morning of April 6, 1862, Johnston made a surprise attack against Grant’s Army pushing their backs up against the Tennessee River. Around 2:15 p.m. that day, Johnston was shot behind his right knee and  died within an hour. Before his death, Johnston sent his personal physician to treat injured Union soldiers. There is speculation that Johnston didn’t feel the injury to his right knee due to numbness from a wound to his pelvis that he suffered from a duel fought during the Texas War for Independence in 1837. Grants Counter Attack The Confederate forces were now led by General Pierre G.T. Beauregard. Though Grants forces were believed to be vulnerable, Beauregard made what would prove to be an unwise decision to cease fighting near dusk of that first day. That evening, Major General Buell and his 18,000 soldiers finally arrived at Grant’s camp near Pittsburg’s Landing. In the morning, Grant made his counter-attack against the Confederate forces resulting in a major victory for the Union Army. In addition, Grant and Sherman forged a close friendship on the Shiloh battlefield that remained with them throughout the Civil War and arguably led to the ultimate victory by Union at the end of this conflict.   Battle of Shiloh The Battle of Shiloh is probably one of the most significant battles of the Civil War. In addition to losing the battle, the Confederacy suffered a loss that may have cost them the war- Brigadier General Albert Sidney Johnston’s death that happened on the first day of the battle. History has considered General Johnston to have been the Confederacy’s most able commander at the time of his death – Robert E. Lee was not a field commander at this time- as Johnston had been a career military officer with over 30 years of active experience. By the end of the war, Johnston would be the highest ranking officer killed on either side.   The Battle of Shiloh was the deadliest battle in the history of the U.S. up until that time with casualties that exceeded a total of 23,000 for both sides. After the Battle of Shiloh, it was quite clear to Grant that the only way to defeat the Confederacy would be to destroy their armies. Grant Excels Despite His Alcoholism Although Grant received both praise and criticism for his actions leading up to and during the Battle of Shiloh, Major General Henry Halleck removed Grant from command of the Army of the Tennessee and transferred command to Brigadier General George H. Thomas. Halleck based his decision partially on allegations of alcoholism on the part of Grant and promoted Grant to the position of being second-in-command of the western armies, which essentially removed Grant from being an active field commander. Grant wanted to command, and he was ready to resign and walk away until Sherman convinced him otherwise. After Shiloh, Halleck made a snail crawl to Corinth, Mississippi taking 30 days to move his army 19 miles and in the process allowed the entire Confederate force stationed there just to walk away. Needless to say, Grant was returned to his position of commanding the Army of the Tennessee and Halleck became the Union’s general-in-chief. This means that Halleck moved away from the front and became a bureaucrat whose major responsibility was the coordination of all Union forces in the field. This was a key decision as Halleck was able to excel in this position and work well with Grant as they continued to fight the Confederacy.

Monopolistic Competition. Concept, Advantages and Limitations Essay

Monopolistic Competition. Concept, Advantages and Limitations - Essay Example These factors could be the brand name, brand personality, quality etc. Examples of firms competing in the monopolistic market are clothing brands, restaurants, and other service industries. This kind of competition is termed as monopolistic because each firm has its unique position in the market despite the presence of several other competitors. They usually have a loyal customer base that comprises of people who are not frequent switchers. Switching is generallyassociated with some sort of dissonance occurring in the whole buying experience and customers are generally indifferent to small price fluctuations. As far as the market is concerned, it has certain key characteristics including: presence of many firms selling the same commodity with a slightvariance also known as a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) that makes them stand out amongst the market clutter. Product may have substitutes but the exact identical cannot be present due to its unique differentiating factors that are not based on prices. Customers have lesser control over prices as compared to the producers. Prices are also unlikely to be influenced by the competition. Market leadership can be attained but by a small margin and on the basis of captured market share. There are no serious barriers to entry as compared to other market competition types. Production is usually lesser than the capacity and is based on carefully calculated demand. There are several problems associated with monopolistic competition that have been identified by several economists. Firstly, this form of competition will lead to no economic profits in the long run. This is because here are likely to be more market runners after some years and they will offer better incentives or differentiating factors if the current... This paper offers a comprehensive theoretic analysis of the monopolistic competition, as a type of economic market. The limitations of that type of market, as well as its advantages and disadvantages to producers, customers and the economy as a whole are considered. Monopolistic competition refers to several different market players with unique differentiating factors The firms operating in monopolistic competition are also inefficient as they do not produce at the optimum level. Inefficiency, in economic terms, means that the available resources are not use at the optimal bringing down the chances of incurring lower cost with every marginal product. This form of competition will lead to no economic profits in the long run. This is because here are likely to be more market runners after some years and they will offer better incentives or differentiating factors if the current firms do not invest heavily in product research and revamping. This, too, will be an addition to the costs and in the long run, the convenient and inevitable influx of new competition will result in minimal or no economic profits. In order to minimize future losses and build customer loyalty , focus should be on the quality management and customer service as advertising and marketing campaigns, packaging and ambiance stay for some time until a prospective market leader enters the picture and replicates it. Negative aspect of monopolistic competition is that firms engage in misleading advertising and focus less on quality control after sometime.

Genesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genesis - Essay Example First, man was made in the image of God as a proof that God has the ability to make decisions. This characteristic can also be seen in humans, as they have the ability to make decisions. This is an exceptional characteristic that is evident in humans. On one hand, humans have the freewill to make decisions, without any obligation from other animals. However, all the other creatures on the earth surface do not have such characteristics, as they are bound by nature. Similarly, creation of man in the image of God enhances the creativity of the Supreme Being. Humans have the ability to be creative in a number of aspects. Apparently, this aspect gave humans control over other creatures on the surface of the earth, since they lack such a character. In addition to this, humans have the mental and social capability, which is enhanced through speech. When looking at the book of Genesis, God communicated through speech. Since the word of God was immensely powerful, all the creation was made th rough spoken words. Ultimately, God gave man the ability to speak. This shows common characteristics in man and God. Making man in the image of God redeems human beings from the animal world. According to the story of creation, God is in ultimate control of all creation2. He has control over all activities, animals, plants and any other creation. However, after creating man in his image, God gave man control over the other creatures on the earth’s surface3. In essence, man was instated as the supreme control over all the creation on earth. This shows that God gave man the power to take care of all the creation, which is in resemblance of His character. Man was created in the image of God, which denotes the righteousness and innocence of God. As a fact, God is holy and supreme being with a moral compass. Initially, Adam was created as â€Å"very

Ryanair airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ryanair airlines - Essay Example The company provides its service to 28 countries in Europe. External environment can be comprehensively be captured by conducting a PEST analysis. It is a strategic process of analyzing the political, economic, social and environmental forces affecting the operating environment of the organization (Johnson, et al., 2011). Political: The deregulation of the Aviation industry in Europe had helped in the growth of the airline companies since 1997. This had particularly helped Ryanair to develop a network of travel route over entire Europe directly fuelling their growth (Malighetti, Paleari and Redondi, 2009). The government is also creating opportunities for aviation companies to expand operations in the U.S. Economic: The economic environment of Ryanair has been highly profitable as has been observed from the consolidated financial statement of the company. Additionally, the recession of 2008 had increased the preference of the consumers towards availing low cost flights as their disposable income has gone down (Malighetti, Paleari and Redondi, 2009). Another pressing issue for the company is the rising cost of oil in the recent years. Social: The high rates of unemployment in the country have increased the importance of low cost airlines. This has been accompanied by the growth of the need to travel throughout the country for the need of finding a job. Technology: Technological advancements are extremely important for the aviation industry as it is directly related to the reduction of costs. Constructing fuel efficient aircrafts and introduction of technology to allow customers to self-service themselves can contribute to the reduction of operating costs. Factors like the creditworthiness of the company, its reputation and image can be considered as internal factors affecting strategic decision making. Building a good brand image in front of the

Porters Five Analysis: Advantages and Disadvantages

Porters Five Analysis: Advantages and Disadvantages Usefulness of the strategic models Why are models commonly used in strategic management what model are, provides, usefulness, strategy making, Strategy Johnson et al. (2005, p. 9): Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term which achieve advantage in a changing environment through its configuration of resources and competences with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder expectation. Uvod Strategic decisions are long term decision based on scope of companys activities made in order to obtain advantage over competition. Johnson et al (2005, p. 10) says that such decision have certain characteristics. They are complex in nature, are made in condition of uncertainty. These decisions have impact on operation decisions. They require integrated approach from managers to deal with strategic problems. Strategic decisions which are made without previous analysis but as some kind of individual notions or wishful thinking are consider to be vulnerable issue. Identifying the root of strategic analysis is difficult. It does not provide us with prescription of what strategy to implement. Companys strategic decisions are too complex for programming. Thus, author says that helping to understand issues is the aim of strategic analysis not to give answers. Model is the framework for recognizing, understanding and categorising factors applicable to strategic decisions (Grant, 2008, p. 27). Models were developed in order to solve usual problems and challenges in business. The general advantage of model is that they smooth differences between abstraction and real practise. They pose a new way of seeing a particular situation and resolving this situation. The common use of the model can be explained by their characteristic. They are projected to solve exact problems and increase efficiency. On the other hand no model can secure that by their implication solving the problem will be hundred percents successful. They are just framework which gives understanding and options for making right decision and diminish uncertainties (Assen et al, 2009). Theories, analytical tools were not made in order to replace inventiveness or experience. Their significance lies in managing discussion, processing information and opinions and supporting communication and agreements. Managers are more confident and effective in reacting on new circumstances and issues as they use models (Grant, 2008, p. 27). There are many models in strategic management which were developed on different bases in order to solve different needs. Every model focuses on various factors some are made to look at eternal surrounding of businesses as industry and market. Some models analyse inner capabilities or structure of organisation. Company chooses the models according its specific needs and what problem wants to solve. If the organisation wants to analyse its external environment it can use PESTE analysis. Industry analysis enables managers to understand how external issues influence companys performance and operations. When managers want to look better on companys product range in order to take right step to the future it can use the Boston Matrix for it. This model helps company in situation as decision making about investments to products portfolio. It guides the company what steps to take if the product is in particular stage e.g. if it star company should keep it and invest to its promotion (Keler-Si lver, 1997, p. 40). In the case of core competencies model it is advised that company should switch from portfolio planning and evaluation of individual businesses to exploring the collective capacity the whole company has. The model encourages company to stop doing activities which are not its core competencies. The confirmatory activities can be e.g. outsourced. By using this model an organisation can identify and improve the cross-company competencies. Thus it can bring new opportunities for success in the market (Keler-Silver, 1997, p. 50). Scenario planning is strategy model based on exposing various possibilities which might happen in the future. Thus it represents a context in which managers can make decisions. As they can see a scope of possibilities they are better informed and decision are more likely to be successful. The scenario planning is mostly used for understanding the dynamics of environment, identifying new openings, evaluating strategic alternatives and for taking long-term decisions. Managers can discover and consider the unsure aspects of future (Assen et al, 2009). One of the models which consider the root of competitive advantage in business is the Kays distinctive capabilities model. The model presents resource-based theory and sees a company as set of asses and capabilities. The model helps to identify distinctive capabilities which are the core of companys success. This model provides a useful tool when company make decision about redefining its strategy. It is used to widen awareness of the sources which made company competitive and to sustain these sources (Assen et al, 2009, p. 30). On the other hand Kare-Silver (1997) argues that the competitive environment has changed and the models are insufficient and shortcoming todays management. He says most of them are too theoretical, superficial and confusing and they are not enough helpful in todays environment. Further he gives the seventh criteria according to which models should be developed to meet current needs. The criteria are reflecting the business realities, starting with customers, rooted and immersed in market understanding, practical, specific, encouraging a long-term view and measurable. Author adds that it is crucial for organisation in current changing conditions to rediscover and redefine its strategy. Organisation needs to know direction in which to go and relying on strategy model is not a response. In conclusion we can say that decision making process is very challenging and requires complex view. Model provide useful tool for simplifying and mainly for making it more effective. However they do not ensure the real effect will be same. Description of Porters Five Forces Model of Competitive Strategy Formulating competitive strategy necessarily needs to analyse the company within its environment. The model is based on analysis of companys external environment. However the relevant environment is wide, the model is focus on organisations surrounding as industry in which it operates. Industry structure has powerful impact on competitive direction thus it is inevitable to analyse it. Five basic competitive forces determine the competition in an industry. The strength of the forces is to drive profit in industry in way of long term return on invested capital (Porter, 1980 p.3, 4). Next Porter says: The goal of competitive strategy for a business unit in an industry is to find a position where it can best defend itself against these competitive forces or can influence them in its flavour. Johnson et al. (2005, p. 78) refer to five forces as sources of competition which evaluate the attractiveness of industry. Authors give several points which company should take into account when using this model. When organisation has varied activities the framework needs to be used at the level of strategic business unit as for each of unit can be the impact of forces different. Next, it is inevitable to understand relations between five forces as well as macro-environment factors. As forces are not separate changes within one force influence other forces. It is a dynamic process of shifting source of competition. According to Luffman et al. (1996) the power of Industry competitor is consider to be the most important force of the model. Industry is in permanent change as every firm wants to success and it looks for opportunities to achieve it. Obviously, not all decisions lead to getting advantages some remain failure. There are many issues which influence the competition between companies as size of the company, industry structure and concentration, product differentiation and variety of rivals. Competitive rivalry is also determined by numbers and qualities of competitors. In situation of many companies in the industry which sell nearly equal product, the firm has a low level of power. Conversely if companys product is unique, it is an enormous strength (Kilde, 2005). Buyer power poses the rate of influences of costumer on pushing price down. The size or number and concentration of buyers are the most significant determinants of buyer power. Other factors include the level of information or differentiation of competitors (Karagianno et al, 2005). There are situation in which buyer power tent to grow as a low switching cost for buyer to move to another seller, when the product is not differentiated or product failure to perform its primary function. In case of trading with small number of strong buyers they tend to dictate conditions to sellers (Luffman et al, 1996). The extent to which supplier drive price up, is reflected in Supplier power. The numbers of input suppliers, product specificity or switching cost determine supplier strength. When company has few suppliers or choice of suppliers is narrow, the supplier power is high. Question here is how easy company can change its suppliers. Grant (2005, p. 83) says that suppliers of raw materials or components are mostly small companies so their bargaining power is low while suppliers of commodities enhance their power through cartelization. Same it is with labour union. If there is a high percentage of a unionised employee within an industry their supplier power is high and companys profitability is lowered. Substitutes are alternatives of product so they decrease demand for product. According to the value they give to consumer their power can be higher or lover. Johnson et al. (2005, p. 78) indicate these forms of substitution; product-for-product substitution, substitution of need when new product or service make previous unneeded and generic substitution means that product competes among others for consumer income to be spent on it. It reduces companys power when its product can be easily substituted. An attractive industry tempts other companies to enter. Threat of new entry represents the capability of new companies to enter and be able to compete in industry. The process of entering is easier for new companies and consequently it becomes a greater threat for existing companies when there are no economies of scale, industry is not capital intensive, access to distribution channels is open or there is a little protection of technology. On the other hand when there are strong barriers existing companies can keep their position. Difference between new entrants and substitutes is that new entrants when successfully enter industry will offer nearly same product. Thus, it is a bigger threat to company (Luffman et al, 1996). Thompson et al (2007, p.54) describe the way of using the model for identifying the essence and strength of competitive pressures within an industry. They divided it into three steps. The first step is to recognise particular competitive strengths related to every force from the model. Secondly, evaluation of the pressures takes place. It is essential to find out how strong they are i.e. strong, moderate, and weak. The last step is to decide the contribution of strengths on achieving profits. Evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of the model Porter (2008, p.80) says this importance of the model: Understanding the competitive forces and their underlying causes reveals the roots of an industrys current profitability while providing a framework for anticipating and influencing competition over time. He adds that effective strategic positioning can not be made without knowing industry structures. To avoid a subjective position for evaluation of the model we look at other authors views. The most significant strength of Michael Porter Five Forces model is that it remains best known and commonly used model in strategic management even after twenty years of it introduction. The simplicity is also consider to be a strength of the Five Forces model as it is easy to use and provides understandable way of market forces analysis (Kare-Silver, 1997, p. 46). According to Brandenburger (2002), the Porters Five Forces model remains to affect the scope of business strategy both in the education field and also in practise of organisations. He emphasises that the model is certainly the most known and used from competitive strategies. The reason is that it provides an obvious picture of important activities of firms. The model describes all movements from suppliers of resources through company to consumer. The role of company is stressed as it is the unit where value is created. On the other hand, suppliers and customers are consider to be necessary in such chain. The model provides useful information for three issues of companys planning, according to Recklies (2001). Firstly, it enables to determine the attractiveness of an industry. Consequently the model helps to make decision about entering or leaving industry. Further, its usefulness lies in comparison the impact of the competitive forces on the organization with the impact on rivals. Secondly, when company knows about the power and intensity of models forces it is able to come up with possibilities for improving its competitive position e.g. differentiation, strategic partnership. Thirdly, the author says that the model with combination with PESTE analysis which influences changes in the industries, the Five Forces model can indicates the trends within the industry. Hill and Jones (2007, p. 66) also talk about importance of microenvironment. Forces in the model are not constant because they are determined by wider macro-environment as economic, politic, social and technological forces. These have evident impact on the model forces and consecutively on the whole industry. The role of macro environment is important but it is the subject of the PESTE analysis and we will not discuss it closer. According Lynch (2000, p.131) the model presents effective way of analysing the environment and it is recommended to use it as the firs step of company strategy development. He points out its real relevance as results are presented in logical and structured way. Hill and Jones (2001, p.97) see the model as very useful as it can be used to analyse character of competition within industry and for recognising opportunities and threats. Opportunities and treats represent the external part of SWOT analysis so we can see the clear connection of Five Forces model with another model. Another advantage of the model is that it looks on organization and industry through a wide range of aspects which are included in the models five forces. Thus, it is systematic approach for analysing the current situation of business and plan strategy (Oliva, 2002). For better picture of the model and to underline its strengths we look at an example of bank sector and examine the impact of launching the Internet banking in Five Forces model context (Siaw, Yu, 2004). In the terms of threat of entry force, the Internet banking enables small banks to enter the industry. Scale benefits are removed and network of branch is less important as there is direct access to customer in more suitable way. Bargaining power of buyers increases as they have more choices. Switching cost decrease because product has become more undifferentiated and standardised. As far as rivalry is concern, the differences between banks are smoothed as size of a bank is less important. Further providing services through the Internet is cheaper than using traditional distribution channels. Internet banking increased supplier power. Banks acted as supplier before. Now they pose intermediaries which enables access to range of products and delivery channels. Switching costs are high for bank if it is dealing with big customers. Such analysis helps manager to understand how the Internet influences five competitive forces. Existing banks using the analysis periodically can evaluate changes within the industry. Potential entrants can assess if the enter into industry will be profitable for them. Overall the analysis is useful in competitive strategy formulating (Siaw, Yu, 2004). Besides numbers of advantages the model is subject of many critiques. According Grant (2002, p. 89), the theoretical bases of the Porters Five Forces model are the most criticised by economists. Furthermore doubtful theoretical foundation, there are limitations because of static character of the model. Industry structures are considered to be stable and determinate by external forces. Grant (2002, p. 89) says that: Industry structure drives intensity of competition, which in returns determines the level of industry profitability. Therefore industry structures cannot remain unchanged in dynamic process of competition. Another issue which Grant points out is missing empirical evidence of importance of industry environment for company profitability. Faulkner and Campbell (2003, p. 249) also criticise static character of the Five Forces model saying that industry structures are continuously changing because of competition between firms and strategies adoped by companies within the indust ry. Static character of the model is also pointed out by Lynch (2000, p. 131), he says that forces are constantly changing and the moves could be more rapid than the model explain. Next critic which Lynch expresses is about the buyer power. The model assumes that this aspect is as equal as others factors while he argues that buyers should be got greater importance. According to the model, the environment is viewed as a threat to a company however some organisations see co-operation with others, especially with suppliers, very beneficial. Faulkner and Campbell (2003, p. 249) express their view to this question, too. They criticise Porters view on rivalry and competition between companies to be more essential than possible interaction as joint ventures or alliances. Lynch also questions the fact if it is sufficient for company to create its corporate strategy just after applying the Five Forces model. Further critics of model presented by Lynch consider its ignorance of human aspect o f strategy. The model overlooks features as country cultures or management skills. The presumption that companys own interests are primary might not be correct for some charitable and government institutions. Hill and Jones (2001, p. 97) reveal two weaknesses of the five forces model. The first is, as the other authors say, about its static character however they enhance their critique to disregarding the role of innovation. Innovations represent driven force of competition within the industry. As any company comes up with new product, technology or process it can gain great competitive advantage and earn profit. Another function of innovation lies in converting industry competition. As the production costs could be cut down due to e.g. new technologies, the barriers to entering the industry are removed and small companies can also access the competition. They provide example of the steel industry where after introducing technology as electric arc furnaces, the characteristic oligop oly industry became more price competitive and fragmented industry and smaller companies can also compete. Porter (2008, p.86) does not see innovation itself as a strong factor which can make industry profitable. He argues that often industries with low technology, high switching costs or price intensive buyers are more profitably than attractive software or information technologies ones. Because the model is static, all changes, which arise in the industry, cannot be recorded. Hill and Jones (2007, p. 66) conclude: The Five Forces model is of limited value because it represents no more than snapshots of a constantly changing situation. Thus, managers must constantly repeat industry analysis and pay attention to changes in the forces of competition. As far as the second critic is consider, same as Grant (2002, p. 89), Hill and Jones (2001, p. 97) talk about overrating the role of industry. Industry is given too much importance as the determinant of organisation profit while the differences between individual companies are neglected. Companies profit within industry varies and it has been detected that only 10% to 20% of differences is explained by industry structure. Consequently, we can say that companys own capacity and resources are more significant for profitability than industry in which it operates. None of company will be successful just because it is in the at tractive industry. Companys strategic resources as intangible assets, brand name are critical for analysis and strategy making (Crook at all, 2003). Other authors who agree that the Porters model is completely focus on external environment rather than internal resources of a company are Faulkner and Campbell (2003, p. 249). They criticise Porters view on outside environment as a root of firms success. Their another critique consider the application of industry analysis to individual company. This might not be as successful as first thought. In spite of critics authors admit that the Porters model of industry analysis stays as one of the most significant model of strategic management even though it has been introduced twenty years ago. Further shortcoming of the Porters model is that it was meant for industrial companies g.e. Coca-Cola, Ford Motors or Dell, not for knowledge based firms in field of advertising, consulting or legal. Manager of these companies bear some risk by using this tool and it is recommended to alter the model according to needs of such firms (Sheehan, 2005). Recklies in her article Porters 5 Forces (2001) indicates various criticisms. Besides acknowledgement that the model is static and it does not take into account co-operation between companies, the author gives also other critiques. As the model supposes perfect market, it has limited application in more regulated industries. The model fits the best to analyse simple market structures. In the case of complex industries with numbers of interrelations it is very complicated to analyse all five forces. On the other hand the author alerts that too narrow look on one segment in such industry can cause oversight of important factors. She concludes, as well as others authors, that the Five Forces model present a tool for managers to view the current situation of the industry in easy and understandable way and it is a good beginning for additional analysis. Recklies in her another article (2001) says that one of the reason for critics are todays changed economic circumstances. The model is found on the situation in the eighties. Cyclical developments, steady market structures and strong competition are typical for this time. Nowadays, technologies, the Internet and e-business application are seen in all industries and it transforms industry structures. This is the reason why the model cannot be used to explicate today dynamic changes and she adds: It is not advisable, if not to say impossible, to develop strategy solely on basis of Porters model. Downes realised the same trend and in the article Beyond Porter (1997) he introduces three new forces digitalization, globalization and deregulation as current issues which influence businesses. The new forces are seen in business activities as they are moving from physical world to computerised networks. According to Downes new strategic framework and analytical tools are essential to apply. Digitalization enables firms to gain access to greatly more information than before on the other hand it pose the treat of unfamiliar and unpredictable competition. Due to Globalization even local companies are able to become global as logistic and communication improved. Deregulation also opens up new possibility for company e.g. restructuring, more open international market. More others authors argue that the model should be extended about another force. They have various views on what it should be. Hill and Jones (2007, p. 57) see the sixth force as complementors. Complements are considered to be determinant of demand for products thus having a satisfactory supplier affects companys profit. Attractive complementary products create value and opportunity for company within an industry. On the other hand inefficient complementors pose threat and they are cause of slow industry development and low profitability. Also Grant (2005, p. 103) see complementors as significant impact on companies competitiveness and refer to them as to the sixth force. In the case of close complements of products, products have low value separately as consumer wants the whole. Question is how the value is divided between producers. The most common the supplier with stronger market position who is able to lower the value of other complements, gets much of profits. Karen-Silver (1997, p. 46) argues while current competitive environment calls for new forces to be consider, the original core i.e. five forces stays the most powerful. Porter (2008, p. 86) agrees that there are other important issue within an industry but he refers to them as to factors not forces. He presents factors like industry growth rate, technology and innovation, Government, complementary products and services. In addition he says: It is especially important to avoid the common pitfall of mistaking certain visible attributes of an industry for its underlying structure. In summary, Michael Porters models do not have the influence they used to have any more. New economic laws came up and other drivers stared to transform markets. Nevertheless, that does not mean that Porters theories became invalid. All we have to do is to apply them with the knowledge of their limitations in mind and to use them as a part of a larger framework of management tools, techniques and theories. This approach, however, is advisable for the application of every business model brand-new or old, from Porter or from somebody else, and in every economy Bibliography Assen, M., Berg, G., Pietersma, P., (2009) Key Management Models: The 60+ models every manager needs to know. Essex: Pearson Education, UK 2nd ed. Brandenburger, A., (2002) Crook, T.R., Ketchen, D.J., Snow, C.C., (2003) Competitive Edge: A Strategic Mnagement Model, .pp. 44-53 Downes, L., (1997) Beyond Porter, The Context Magazine. Available at: http://www.contextmag.com/setFrameRedirect.asp?src=/current/archive.asp Faulkner, D., Campbell, A., (2003) The Oxford Handbook of Strategy: Strategy overview and competitive strategy. Oxford (New York): Oxford University Press, USA, pp. 248-250 Grant M, R., (2002) Contemporary Strategy Analysis: concepts, techniques, application. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, UK, pp. 89 Grant (2005) p. 83 Hill, C.W.L, Jones, G.R., (2007) Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. 7th ed. 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(2001) Porter 5 forces, Recklies Management Project GmbH, Available at: http://www.techba.com/training/course2/LinkedDocuments/Porters%205f.pdf Recklies, D. (2001) Beyond Porter ACritique of the Critique of Porter, Recklies Management Project GmbH, Available at: http://www.themanager.org/Strategy/BeyondPorter.htm Sheehan, N.T., (2005) Why old tools wont work in the new knowledge economy, .. . 26 (4), pp. 53 60 Available at: Siaw, Yu Thompson The Introduction and History of Dabur Nepal Pvt Ltd: The Introduction and History of Dabur Nepal Pvt Ltd: Dr. S.K. Burman set up Dabur in 1884 to produce and dispense Ayurvedic medicines reaching out to a wide mass of people who had no access to proper treatment. Dr. S.K. Burmans commitment and ceaseless efforts resulted in the company growing from a fledgling medicine manufacturing in a small Calcutta house, to household name that at once evokes trust and reliability. There are many stores in different region and country. As a reflection of its constant efforts at achieving superior quality standards, Dabur became the first Ayurvedic products company to get ISO 9002 certification. Reinforcing its commitment to nature and its conservation, Dabur Nepal, a subsidiary of Dabur India, has set up fully automated greenhouses in Nepal. This scientific landmark helps to produce saplings of rare medicinal plants that are under threat of extinction due to ecological degradation. There are various product manufactured by this company in Nepal. Daburs Health care range brings for you a wide selection of Ayurvedic and natural products that offer complete care for varying individual needs. Our product are derived from the time-tested heritage of Ayurveda and backed by the most modern scientific test and trials that ensure no failing quality and safety in anything you pick. The guiding force behind Daburs growth and success has been the wealth of nature and its limitless capacity to support life. And we have constantly taken care to preserve and protect this natural bounty with this overall vision of and to eco-sustenance, expand Daburs resource and production base, Dabur Nepal Private Limited was set up as an independent Group company in 1992. This new company, set amidst the verdant greens and towering mountains of the Himalayan kingdom of Nepal, has established a unique bond of technology and preservation. 2. Introduction to Financial Ratio: A financial ratio is a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprises financial statements. Often used in accounting there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Ratio may be expressed as a decimal value, such as 0.10 or given as an equivalent percent value such as 30%. Some ratio is usually quoted as percentages. Different ratio measures different thing Liquidity ratios measure the availability of cash to pay debt. Active ratios measures how quickly a firm converts non cash assets to cash assets. Debt ratios measure the firms ability to repay long-term debt. Profitability ratios measure the firms use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return. Liquid Ratios: Liquidity reflects the ability of a company to meet its short-term obligations using assets that are most readily converted into cash. Assets that may be converted into cash in a short period of time are referred to as liquid assets; they are listed in financial statement as current assets. Current assets are used to satisfy short-term obligations, or current liabilities. The amount by which current assets exceed current liabilities is referred to as the net working capital. Current Ratio: It is used to calculate that how many short term assets a company has to meet its short term obligations. Current ratio= current assets / current liabilities a) 1.6:1 for year 2005 b) 1.8:1 for year 2004 As we know that higher the ratio better the company has more liquid assets to meet its short term liabilities. There were sufficient amounts of assets available to meet short term liabilities in the year 2005 which was 1.6:1 so there were 1.6 current assets available to meet its short term liabilities and in the year 2004 the ratio was increased to 1.8:1 which was much better than in the year 2005. So the company had good financial status in the year 2004 than in the year 2005. Acid Test Ratio: The acid test ratio is also known as the liquid or quick ratio. The idea behind this ratio is that stocks are sometimes a problem because they can be difficult to sell or use. Acid Test Ratio: Current assets- closing stock/ current liabilities 0.8:1 for year 2005 1.1:1 for year 2004 As we know that higher the acid ratio, is comparatively better. So the acid test ratio in 2005 was not sufficient to meet its current liabilities but the ratio was about 1.1:1 in the year 2004 which was sufficient to meet its liabilities and hence the liquid ratio in year 2004 was much better than 2005. 2.2. Profitability Ratios: profitability ratio compares components of income with sales. They gives us an idea of what makes up a companys income and are usually expressed as a portion of each unit of sales. Primary Ratio Return on Capital Employed: It is used in finance as a measure of the returns that a company is realising from its capital employed. It is commonly used as a reassure for comparing the performance between businesses and for assessing whether a business generates enough returns to pay for its cost of capital. ROCE compares earning with capital invested in the company. ROCE= [PBIT/ Capital Employed]*100% a)14.58% for year 2005 b) 18.79% for year 2004 This shows that ROCE in the year 2004 has more profit gained than in the year 2005. Return on Total Assets (ROTA): A ratio that measures a companys profit before interest and taxes (PBIT) against its total net assets. The ratio is considered an indicator of how effectively a company is using its assets to generate earning before contractual obligations must be paid. Return on Total Assets (ROTA) = PBIT/ Total Assets a)0.097 for year 2005 b) 0.14 for year 2004 The rate of return on total assets was better in the year 2004 in comparison with the ratio 0.097 in the year 2005 because there was more profit before interest and tax with total assets. Secondary Ratio: Gross Profit Margin: this ratio is the percentage of sales left after subtracting the cost of goods sold from net sales. It measures the percentage of sales remaining available to pay the overhead expenses of the company. Gross profit margin=Gross profit/ Net sales a) 22.1% for year 2005 b) 23.9% for year 2004 It was seen form the above data that the gross profit margin in the year 2004 was better than in the year 2005 so the company had better profit margin in the year 2004. Net Profit Margin: This ratio is the percentage of sales dollars left after subtracting the cost if goods sold and all expenses, except income taxes. It provides a good opportunity to compare your companys return on sales with the performance of other companies in your industry. It is calculated before income taxes because tax rates and tax liabilities vary from company to company for a wide variety of reasons. Net profit margin: Net profit Before Tax/ Net sales 4.7% for year 2005 6.5% for year 2004 The ratio measure average profit on sales. The percentage net profit to sales for Dabur Nepal Pvt. Ltd was 6.5% in 2004 and 4.7% in 2005 which mean that each Rs1 sales made an average profit of 6.5 Rs in 2004 and 4.7 Rs in 2005. This shows the Net Profit margin was better in the year 2004. Assets Turnover: It is used to calculate revenue generated per amount of long term capital invested in the business. It is used to see how effectively the long term assets are being utilized to generate the revenue. It is given by Assets Turnover= Turnover/ Capital Employed 3.87 times for 2005 3.68 times for 2004 We see the result of 3.68 times for 2004 this means that turnover is 3.68 times bigger than total assets. For the year 2005, it was even higher at 3.87 times. So the total asset turnover ratio was better in 2005 than in 2004. Activity Ratio Inventory Turnover: Inventory turnover is a measure of the number of times is sold or used in a time period such as a year. The equation for inventory turnover is equals the cost of goods sold divided by the average inventory, inventory turnover is also known as an inventory turns, stock turns, turns. A lower turnover ratio defines overstocking a company and a higher turnover ratio indicates inadequate inventory level or less in business. A lower turnover of inventory is somehow beneficial for a production company like Dabur Nepal Pvt. Ltd. Inventory Turnover=cost of goods sold/ average Inventory a)3.51 for year 2005 b) 7.65 for year 2004 Unit inventory turnover is better for the company, which excludes the over stocking and under stocking/ deficiency. It can be possible when cost of goods sold and turnover inventory are equal. As the year 2005 shows 3.51 times turnover inventories which were better because less amount of stock was there in this year but in the year 2004 the inventory turnover was more which was 7.65. As form definition we know less the turnover ratio better the profit gain by the company. So the companys financial status was better in 2005. Debtors Turnover: It indicates the velocity of debt collection of a firm. In simple words it indicates the number of times average debtors are turned over during a year. Debtors Turnover= [Debtors/ Sales]*365 The two basic components of accounts receivable turnover ratio are net credit annual sales and average trade debtors. The trade debtors for the purpose of this ratio include the amount of Trade debtors Bill Receivables. The average receivables are found by adding the opening receivables and closing balance of receivable and dividing the total by two. a)20.50 days for year 2005 b) 22.17 days for year 2004 Accounts receivable turnover ratio or debtors turnover ratio indicates the number of times the debtors are turned over a year. The higher the value of debtors turnover the more efficient is the management of debtors. In the year The debtors turnover was 22.17 days in the year 2004 in comparison with this there was 20.50 days in the year 2005 so, the company took less days to collect its debt in the year 2005 than in the year 2004. As a result the company had better financial state in 2005. Conclusion: The turnover of the company has increased by 4.69% over the previous year. The net profit after tax has reduced by 2.28% over the previous year due to lower contribution margin. During the year company has invested Rs 24.65 crore on account of fixed assets. Out of which, major amount is spent towards installing a new packing machine in juice plant in flex pack and increasing cold store capacity. It has deposited off its fixed assets amounting Rs 4.51 crore during the year. Hence as a whole Dabur Nepal Pvt. Ltd has well financial status in year 2004 but all the ratios were affected by the political instability of politic in Nepal as well as by other effect of the company. References: http://www.dabur.com/EN/Investors1/Annual_reports/2004-05/Dabur-Nepal-fina-05.pdf http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/ratios/ Course Work Managing Financial Principles and Techniques Level 7 Advanced Professional Diploma in Management Studies Submitted to: Course Tutor/ Assessor Muhammad Atif Majeed Submitted by: Kabindra Simkhada Id: 201093 London College of Business Information Technology Contents Net present Value 1 Pay Back Period 1 Internal Rate of Return 1 Post completion Audit 1 Methods of finance available for company A 2 Scatter diagram 3 Advantage of Scatter Diagram 4 Disadvantage of Scatter Diagram 4 Appendix 5 Forecasting total cost Net present value: Both incoming and outgoing of a time series of cash flows is defined as the sum of the present values of the initial investment. The NPV is similar to PV of future cash flows minus the purchase price. This is a central tool for discounted cash flow analysis and is a standard method for using the time value of money to appraise long term project. It is used for capital budgeting, economics, finance and accounting. It measures the excess or shortfall of cash flows. The net present value of the company A is $76,990. this means in an initial investment of $260,000 in a project for 5 years of period the profit gain in the project is $76,990. Pay Back Period In capital budgeting refers to the period of time required for the return on an investment to repay the sum of the original investment is payback period. The time value of money is not taken in account. It measures how long something takes to pay for itself. This term is also widely used in other types of investment areas, often with respect to energy efficiency technologies, maintenance, upgrades, or other change. Payback period is a tool of analysis is often used because it is easy to apply and easy to understand for mist individuals. It is useful for comparing similar investment. According to the project A we earn or get back our initial investment in 3 years 6 month of period and after that period all the money gained is profit. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) It is also called discount cash flow rate of return or simply the rate of return. The internal rate of return on an investment or project is the annualized effective compounded return rate of discount rate that makes the net present value of all cash flow form a particular investment equal to zero. It is commonly used to evaluate the desirability of investment or projects. The higher a projects IRR the more desirable it is to undertake the project. Assuming all other factors are equal among the various projects, the project with the higher IRR would probably be considered the best and undertaken first. At the discount rate of 7.10% the NPV of project is equal to 0. Post Completion Audit Post completion audit is a key example of an internal audit. In this process technical details are discussed briefly. The purpose of post-auditing is to examine how well or badly a project has performed after it has been implemented. This process may be taken at any stage after a project has been started and need not wait until after the project has been completed. It is important for the project to perform post completion audit. Following are the benefit of post completion audit. Improved quality of decision making: after feedback and suggesting changes that need to be made to the process of decision making Improved realism of project appraisals: this is to attempt to prevent biasing upward of cash flow in proposals. Identification of key variables: This after the event knowledge can help to identify what the actual key variables were compared with the ones that were thought to be the case before implementation More frequent project termination: although firms are often unwilling to stop unsuccessfully projects, it may be the logical thing to do. Performing post audit actually gives the information to make that decision. Following things are checked in post completion audit. Check whether the required quality has been achieved. The efficiency of the solution during operation compared with the agreed performance and standards. The actual cost of the project compared with the budgeted expenditure and the reasons for over or under expenditure identified The time taken to develop the solution compared with the targeted date for completion and reasons for a variance identified The effectiveness of any problems encountered and the effectiveness of the solutions generated to deal with them. If the project objectives have been stated in terms of learning outcomes, the extent to which these have been achieved would also be investigated. The audit would lead to the production of a report to the management, structured around the above points. Post completion is one of the important part of the project with the help of which we can verify whether the project meet the requirements, whether the project is completed or not. This is the basic requirements of the project now a days. Methods of finance available for company A Public limited Company is the company which gives services to the public. This company is non profitable organisation whose goal is to provide better and efficient services to the customer or public. A plc is a company that is able to offer its shares to the public which means it share its profit and public also take part or public are also the owner of the company. For long term sustain of the company finance are those that are needed over a longer period of time generally over a year. This company should give services to the public for long time. The methods of finance available for this company are as follows Shares: Shares relate to companies set up as plc. If a company want to expand the business then they can sell shares to the general public. This means any one can buy the shares in the business. Venture capital: Venture capital is becoming an increasingly source of finance for growing companies. Venture capitals are on the lookout for companies with potential. They are prepared to offer capital to help the business grow. In return the venture capital gets some say in the running of the company as well as a share in the profit made. Bank loan: as with short term finance, banks are an important source of longer term finance. Banks may lend sums over long period of time possibly up to 25 years or even more in some cases. The loans have a rate of interest attached to them. Using bank loan might be relatively easy but the cost of servicing the loan can be high. If interest rates rise then it can add to a business costs and this has to be taken into account in the planning stage before the loan is taken out. Government grant: some of the company get funds from the government. This could be medical sector, security sector etc which get its most of the funds from the government. Retained profit Owners Capital: some people are in a fortunate position of having some money which they can use to help set up their business. The money may be the result of savings, money left to them by a relative in a will or money received as the result of a redundancy payment. This is not enough sums to finance the business fully but will be one of the contributions to the overall finance of the business. Selling assets: By selling the assets like property, machine, equipment, other companies or even logos. In some cases it may be appropriate for a business to sell off some of these assets to finance other projects. Lottery funding: in UK the National Lottery might be a possible source of funds for some types of business. These businesses will mostly be charities or charitable trusts. The company that are not for profit business so any surplus they make is put back into the business to help develop and improve it. Scatter diagram A scatter diagram or scatter graph is a type of mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variable for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of on variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the vertical axis. This kind of graph is called scatter diagram. This diagram mostly used for the experimental purpose. Different data collected from the experiment is plotted in the graph. If data exist that is systematically incremented or decremented by other, it is called the control parameter or independent variable and is customarily plotted along the horizontal axis. The measured or dependent variable is customarily plotted along the vertical axis. If no dependent variable exists, either type of variable can be plotted on both axis and a scatter plot will illustrate only the degree of correlation between tow variables. A scatter plot can suggest various kinds of correlation between variables with a certain confidence interval. Correlations may be positive, negative, of null. If the pattern of dots slopes form lover left to upper right, it suggests a positive correlation between the variables being studied. If the pattern of dot slopes form lower left to upper right. It suggests a negative correlation. A line of best fit can be drawn in order to study the correlation between the variable. An equation for the correlation between the variable can be determined by established best fit procedures. For a linear correlation, the best fit procedure is known as linear regression and is guaranteed to generate a correct solution for arbitrary relationships. The scatter diagram is one of the basic tools of quality control. Benefits of scatter plot are as follows The diagram shows the relationship between two variables where one variable is drawn at horizontal axis and other is plotted at vertical axis. This scatter plot is best method to illustrate the non linear pattern. This is the best method used for finding results in experiment. Disadvantages of scatter plot It is difficult to find exact value of the variables. To get the exact value we need more experimental values because of which this method is time consuming. It is difficult to get accurate result from more scattered data.